Michel Foucault's Critical Discourse Analysis of Controversy News in Islamic Boarding Schools

This research aims to analyze the construction of power and knowledge within the polemics that occurred at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding Schools. The study adopts a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, utilizing the framework of Michel Foucault's thinking. The primary data source for this research consists of news coverage published by Kompas.com, a leading news website in Indonesia. The collected news articles underwent a rigorous qualitative analysis process guided by the principles of critical discourse analysis and Michel Foucault's framework. Research shows that differences in interpretation and understanding of religious teachings cause controversies in Islamic boarding schools. The construction of power and knowledge in Islamic boarding schools plays a vital role in shaping the views and actions of individuals and the wider community. Islamic boarding schools have authority in interpreting and teaching religious teachings to students, and this includes a hierarchical structure in leadership, decisions taken by kyai or caregivers


INTRODUCTION
The world of Islamic boarding schools is an institution of Islamic education rich in the learning of religious sciences, such as classical texts and other Sharia books.Islamic boarding schools are a distinctive educational institution in Indonesia that has grown within the community and has proven its self-sufficiency (Fikri, 2023).According to Masrur (2017), pesantren is a religious institution that provides education, teaches, develops, and disseminates knowledge of Islam.
Islamic boarding schools, as one of the traditional educational institutions in Indonesia, have been an integral part of the country's social and cultural landscape for centuries (Hariyadi & Husni, 2019;Rodliyah, 2014).Over time, these boarding schools have evolved beyond mere places for religious instruction, becoming centres of knowledge, power, and societal influence (Nasution, 2020).
Boarding schools boast a unique social structure and hierarchy, where the kyai (caretakers) wield significant authority as spiritual and intellectual leaders (Furqan, 2019).
Additionally, they serve as arenas where religious knowledge and local traditions are contested, questioned, and perpetuated.The construction of power and wisdom within these boarding schools plays a crucial role in shaping their communities' Islamic identity and worldview (Rusydiyah, 2017).Al-Zaytun Boarding School, located in Indramayu Regency, West Java, has garnered public attention due to controversies surrounding the institution.These controversies involve contentious issues, including teachings deemed deviant from religious norms, controversial statements made by the boarding school's management, and accusations of the practice of heretical teachings within the school's environment (Ikhwan & Yuniana, 2022).This has sparked widespread public reactions, raising questions about the boundaries and responsibilities of religious institutions as well as the involvement of local governments in addressing these issues.As a religious educational institution with significant influence, Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School has attracted the attention of academics and researchers to conduct previous studies.
Utilizing news coverage data from Kompas.com as a primary data source in this research holds significant urgency and interest for several reasons.Firstly, Kompas.com is one of Indonesia's leading and most reputable news websites, known for its credible and comprehensive reporting.Thus, the news coverage published by Kompas.comprovides a reliable and widely accessed source of information on the controversies surrounding Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.
Secondly, the specific news article titled "Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School Controversy, Ridwan Kamil Waits for MUI Fatwa" highlights a pivotal moment in the ongoing controversies, indicating the involvement of influential figures such as Governor Ridwan Kamil and the awaited fatwa from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI).This news article encapsulates critical developments and perspectives relevant to the broader discourse surrounding the controversies at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.
The decision to conduct a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the news coverage from Kompas.com aligns with the research's aim to understand how power operates through language and narrative construction in reporting.By analyzing the language, framing, and narratives used in the news coverage, researchers can uncover underlying power dynamics, ideologies, and discursive strategies employed by various stakeholders, including media outlets, to shape public perceptions and interpretations of the controversies.This approach enables a deeper exploration of how power relations are negotiated and reinforced through discursive practices in the public sphere, shedding light on the broader socio-political implications of the controversies surrounding Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.
In the case of Al-Zaytun Boarding School Controversy, Ridwan Kamil Waits for MUI Fatwa, the title suggests a significant development in the controversies surrounding the boarding school, involving governmental and religious authorities, thus warranting closer examination (Ikhwan, 2017).The broader societal implications and public discourse surrounding controversies at Al-Zaytun Boarding School underscore the importance of analyzing such news coverage to understand its reverberating effects on public opinion, policy-making, and social dynamics.
The grand theory used in this research is Michel Foucault's critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective.This approach aims to uncover the construction of power and knowledge within the discourse surrounding Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School and to understand how the interactions of various stakeholders, including the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and local government, influence the community's understanding of controversial issues at the boarding school.The research problem focuses on investigating how the construction of power and knowledge in the discourse surrounding Al-Zaytun Boarding School shapes people's understanding of controversial issues, as well as examining the role of interactions between relevant parties, such as the MUI and regional governments, in shaping narratives and policies related to the controversy.
Several previous studies have been conducted to understand various aspects related to this boarding school, such as educational approaches, social influence, the role of religious institutions, and the dynamics of relationships with the surrounding community (Syukri et al., 2019).However, in the context of the current controversies, further studies linking to emerging issues are still needed, including the role of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and the local government's response to these controversies (Rahmah & Prasetyo, 2022).This research is novel compared to previous studies as it delves into the specific context of emerging controversies at Al-Zaytun Boarding School and employs a critical discourse analysis approach to uncover underlying power dynamics and resistance within the discourse.It seeks to provide a deeper understanding of power, knowledge, and resistance dynamics in the context of controversies involving the boarding school.
In line with this, this research aims to analyze the construction of power, knowledge, and resistance in the context of controversies at Al-Zaytun Boarding School using a critical discourse analysis approach based on Michel Foucault's perspective (Foucault, 2021;Van Dijk, 1993;Weissenrieder & Fairclough, 1997).This research will analyse news coverage published by Kompas.com,one of the leading news websites in Indonesia, providing the latest reports on the developments of controversies at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.In this critical discourse analysis, attention will be paid to narrative construction, language use, and the selection of perspectives in reporting related to ongoing issues at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.Furthermore, this research will also explore the role of the Indonesian Ulema Council and the response of the local government, particularly Governor of West Java Ridwan Kamil, in handling these controversies.
Thus, this research is expected to provide a deeper understanding of power,

II. METHODS
The research adopts a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, utilizing the framework of Michel Foucault's thinking.CDA allows examining power dynamics, knowledge production, and discursive formations within societal contexts.(Foucault, 2021).This approach will uncover the construction of power,   polarization and conflict with groups or individuals holding alternative views (Budiasmoro, 2014).
Furthermore, the media also shapes narratives and discourse surrounding controversies.Through reporting and representation, the media can influence public opinion, expand the reach of narratives formed by religious institutions, and reinforce or change societal views on the controversies at the boarding school.
The government also plays a role in controversies at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.Government policies, statements, and actions can influence conflict dynamics and determine boundaries or reactions to these controversies.The government may mediate or attempt to regulate controversies through various possible interventions.The society also plays a role in the power structure.
Society's views, beliefs, and social interactions can shape the dynamics of controversies.Society's reactions to controversies can also influence the direction and intensity of conflicts.
It is essential to know that the narratives and discourse formed by religious institutions, media, government, and society are not always neutral or objective.
They can reflect particular interests and perspectives that can reinforce polarization and conflicts.Therefore, individuals and society must adopt a critical and reflective approach to the narratives presented and be open to various viewpoints and interpretations to obtain a more holistic and inclusive understanding of the controversies.
Controversies at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School may result from complex interactions among involved powers, including religious institutions, government, media, and interconnected societies that influence one another.Controversies cannot be understood in isolation but must be seen in the context of existing power structures.Power is not a singular entity but comprises networks involving various societal elements.
Religious institutions are central in Islamic boarding schools as guardians and disseminators of spiritual teachings.They have authority and control over the spiritual knowledge and practices taught at the boarding schools (Fiqih, 2022).
This authority can influence students' perspectives and actions and affect the dynamics of controversies.The government also plays a role in controversies.
Government policies, statements, and actions can influence conflict dynamics and determine boundaries or reactions to these controversies.The government may mediate or attempt to regulate controversies through various possible interventions.Media is also an essential factor in the power structure (Jauhari, 2015).Through reporting and representation, the media can influence public opinion, expand the reach of narratives formed by religious institutions, and reinforce or change societal views on the controversies at the boarding school.
The society also plays a role in the power structure.Society's views, beliefs, and social interactions can shape the dynamics of controversies.Society's reactions to controversies can also influence the direction and intensity of conflicts.
The complex interaction between religious institutions, government, media, and society in the power structure creates complex controversies.Tensions, conflicts, and competition to influence narratives and knowledge about religious teachings are key factors in the controversies at Islamic boarding schools (Aliano & Adon, 2023).Understanding this power structure is essential for holistically examining and analyzing controversies at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.
Viewing interactions between religious institutions, government, media, and society allows us to understand the dynamics of controversies due to the power struggles and conflicts within them.

Michel Foucault's Critical Discourse Analysis
The analysis results shed light on the intricate interplay between power,  (Said, 1978).Other approaches that can be used to analyze the controversy at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School include: 1. Jurgen Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action: This approach emphasizes the importance of inclusive, open, and fair dialogue as a foundation for addressing controversies and achieving mutual understanding.
In the context, this approach can encourage more rational communication, supporting respectful dialogue and negotiation among the parties involved in the controversy (Harbermas, 2013).4. Antonio Gramsci's Concept of Hegemony: This concept emphasizes that power is repressive and can be achieved through cultural hegemony and ideological domination.In the context, this approach can help understand power struggles and efforts to establish hegemony in the religious, cultural, and political contexts involved in the controversy (Gramsci, 2013).
By considering these approaches, we can have a more comprehensive insight into the controversy at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School and the factors involved in the dynamics of the conflict.Each approach provides a unique perspective and can assist in analyzing various aspects of the controversy more deeply.
knowledge, and resistance dynamics in the context of controversies involving Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School.Considering the profile of Al-Zaytun Boarding School as a controversial religious educational institution and the role of Kompas.com as a credible news source, this research will analyze news related to the controversies at Al-Zaytun Boarding School published by Kompas.com.Thus, this research is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of these controversies and the related social, religious, and political implications.In this study, the news source used is an article titled "Controversy of Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School, Ridwan Kamil Awaits MUI Fatwa," published by Kompas.com on June 15, 2023.This article was written by Bandung Contributor, Dendi Ramdhani, and edited by Teuku Muhammad Valdy Arief.The aim of the discourse analysis research from Michel Foucault's perspective is to reveal the construction of power and knowledge around the Al-Zaytun Boarding School and understand the impact of the dynamic interactions of various parties, including the MUI and local government, on the community's understanding of controversial issues at the boarding school.The research problem of this discourse analysis research is how the construction of power and knowledge in the Al-Zaytun Boarding School discourse influences people's understanding of controversial issues, as well as the role of interactions between related parties, including the MUI and regional governments, in shaping narratives and policies related to the controversy.Discourse analysis research from this background is essential because it provides an understanding of the message or information from the news "Controversy of Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School, Ridwan Kamil Awaits MUI Fatwa," published by Kompas.com on June 15, 2023.
knowledge, and resistance in the context of Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School controversies.The research will utilize news coverage data published by Kompas.com as the primary data source.Critical discourse analysis aims to understand how power operates through language use and narrative construction in reporting.The research will involve identifying and analysing language use, word choice, narrative construction, and perspective selection used in news coverage related to the controversies.The following is an analysis diagram in Michel Foucault's critical discourse analysis.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Critical discourse analysis of Michel Foucault Data obtained from Kompas.com will be analyzed in-depth, considering the theoretical framework and concepts proposed by Michel Foucault.The research will explore how the construction of power, knowledge, and resistance emerges in news coverage and how it affects public perceptions and assessments of the controversies.By employing the critical discourse analysis approach and referring to Michel Foucault's theoretical framework, this research is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the construction of power, knowledge, and resistance in the controversies at Al-Zaytun Islamic Boarding School and enrich academic discussions on the relationship between religious institutions, media, and social dynamics in Indonesia.

2 . 3 .
Edward Said's Concept of Orientalism: This theory directs attention to the Western perspective on the East.In the context, this concept can help understand how controversies relate to interpretation, stereotypes, and the formation of negative images of certain religious institutions.Analysis of Orientalism can uncover assumptions and discrimination that may occur in the controversy.Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Cultural Capital and Symbolic Struggle: This approach highlights the role of symbolism in power struggles and struggles to control and dominate social fields.In the context, this theory can be used to analyze conflicts of cultural capital and symbolic struggle among various actors within religious institutions, society, and government(Huhn et al., 1996).